The oxidation may be performed using air, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, chlorine, another suitable oxidizing gas, or a combination of these gases at a time and temperature such that any needed or desired characteristic of the bio-source material or the bitumen source material (for example, softening point, penetration distance, viscosity, another suitable parameter, or any combination thereof) is achieved. In one embodiment, the oxidation can be performed in the absence of air. 

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